References

  1. Transportation Characteristics of School Children," Report No. 4, Nationwide Personal Transportation Study, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, July 1972.
  2. Transportation Characteristics of School Children," Report No. 4, Nationwide Personal Transportation Study, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, July 1972.
  3. "Data from the 2001 National Household Travel Survey conducted by Federal Highway Administration were used as the source."
  4. Estimates are that in most communities 20–25 percent of rush hour traffic consists of school-related trips.
  5. Many of the cars and SUVs in traffic around schools are driven by parents. Ironically, parents consistently cite traffic danger as a reason why they do not allow their children to bicycle or walk to school. "Barriers to Children Walking and Biking to School," CDC, 2005.
  6. Dubay A. "See Dick and Jane Sit in Traffic," The Press Democrat, September 7, 2003 cited in Travel and Environmental Implications of School Siting. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 231-R-03-004. October 2003. Available: http://www.epa.gov/smartgrowth/pdf/school_travel.pdf. Department of Environment, Transport and the Regions, London, Greater Vancouver Regional District. 1999. Morning Peak Trip by Purpose.
  7. "Physical activity and the health of young people," U.S. Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Fact Sheet, 2004.
  8. Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics, No. 381, December 29, 2006, Center for Disease Control.
  9. "Transportation Characteristics of School Children," Report No. 4, Nationwide Personal Transportation Study, Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC, July 1972.
  10. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Fact Sheets 2008, Children. Accessed at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811157.PDF on December 10, 2009.
  11. United Kingdom Department of Environment and Transportation, "Killing Speed & Saving Lives." London, England, 1997.
  12. Huang et al. reported greater variation in the percentage of pedestrians to whom approaching motorists yielded; Their results, from 11 different uncontrolled crossings in 4 States, ranged from 0 to 87 percent, with a mean of 50 percent. Huang and Cynecki also reported on the percentage of pedestrians yielded to by approaching motorists; their study included data from eight uncontrolled crossings in seven States. Yield rates ranged from 0 to 58 percent and averaged 19 percent.
  13. Uniform Vehicle Code, 2000 Edition, Chapter 1 — Words and Phrases Defined, Section 1–112 — Crosswalk. A legal crosswalk is considered to exist where one or both of the intersecting streets provides a sidewalk on one or both sides of the street leading to the intersection, regardless of whether or not the crossing area has been striped.
  14. Uniform Vehicle Code, Article V, Section 11-501-503 & 11–509
  15. Enhancing Bicycle Safety: Law Enforcement's Role, An Interactive Training for Law Enforcement Officers, NHTSA.
  16. Prevent Bicycle Crashes: Parents and Caregivers, #DOT HS 810 000, NHTSA , April 2007
  17. Safe Kids Worldwide reports in their 2005 Facts about Injuries to Child Pedestrians (website), "Many motorists at intersections in school zones and residential neighborhoods violate stop signs: 45 percent by not coming to a complete stop, 37 percent by rolling through and 7 percent by not slowing down. A national survey of speeding in school zones found that two-thirds of drivers exceed the posted speed limit during the 30-minute period before and after school. In 2003, automated photo enforcement found that 82 percent of drivers were passing a school bus and 78 percent were speeding in a school zone."
  18. Ogden CL, Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Johnson CL. Prevalence and trends in overweight among US children and adolescents, 1999–2000. JAMA. 2002;288:1728–1732.
  19. Chauncey, Bob. The National Center for Bicycling and Walking.
  20. How-to-Guide: Traffic Safety Around Schools: An Officer's Guide to Parent Education, available from this website.
  21. Safe Kids Campaign, USA; Safe Kids Worldwide: Facts About Injuries to Children Riding Bicycles, 2007 Accessed at http://www.usa.safekids.org/wtw/documents/Research02.pdf on December 2, 2009.
  22. Taft CH, Kane BE, Mickalide AD, Paul HA. Child pedestrians at risk in America: a national survey of speeding in school zones. Washington (DC): National SAFE KIDS Campaign, October 2000.
  23. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Fact Sheets 2007, Children. Accessed at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/810987.PDF on December 10, 2009.
  24. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Traffic Safety Fact Sheets 2008, Bicyclists and Other Cyclists. Accessed at http://www-nrd.nhtsa.dot.gov/Pubs/811156.PDF on January 12, 2010.
  25. National Safe Kids Campaign, "Report to the Nation on Child Pedestrian Safety", October 2002. Accessed at http://www.safekids-centralvalley.org/images/Report_Ped_ReporttoTheNation_Oct2002.pdf on December 10, 2009.